Chapter 4: Optical systems & ray tracing

This chapter collects OghmaNano’s optical modelling tutorials for analysing light propagation across multiple physical regimes, including geometric ray tracing, transfer-matrix methods, optical mode solvers, and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. Together, these pages cover the construction and analysis of lenses, apertures, films, waveguides, and structured surfaces, as well as detector-based figures of merit such as spot size, encircled energy, efficiency, and wavelength-resolved intensity. The material is organised as practical, runnable tutorials that progress from optical editors and system setup to full system-level performance evaluation.